Control Of Internet Essays - Computer-mediated Communication

Control Of Internet During the past decade, our society has become based solely on the ability to move large amounts of information across great distances in a very short amount of time and at very low costs. The evolution of the computer era and our growing need for ultra-fast communications has caused a global network of interconnected computers to develop, commonly referred to as the Internet or the world wide web. The Internet has influenced practically everyone's life in some way whether it was done directly or indirectly. Our children are exposed to the Internet at school, and we are exposed to the Internet simply by just watching our television sets. The Internet has become the primary key to the future of communication in our society today. Because of this, the government feels that it has the right to regulate and control the contents of information distributed through the World Wide Web, contrary to the opinions of most Internet users, myself included. Freedom of Speech Over the Internet At the present, this network is the epitome of the first amendment, freedom of speech. It is a place where people can speak their minds without being reprimanded for what they say, or how they choose to say it. The key to the success of the Internet is its protection of free speech, not only in America, but in other countries as well, where free speech is not protected by a constitution. Because there are no laws regulating Internet material, people may find some of its content offending, ranging from pornography, to hate-group forums, to countless other forms of information. With over 30 million Internet users in the U.S. alone, some of the material is bound to be interpreted as offensive to some other Internet user. My advice to these people is to "change the station if you don't like what you see". Laws and the Internet The newest waves of laws making their way through Congress threaten to stifle spontaneity of the Internet. Recently, Congress has considered passing laws that will make it a crime to send vulgar language or encryption software over the web. These crimes could result in prosecutions punishable by jail time. No matter how insignificant, any attempt at government intervention on the Internet will stifle the greatest communication innovation of this century. The government wants to maintain control over this new form of communication, and it is trying to use the protection of children as a smoke screen to impose these laws upon us. Censorship of the Internet threatens to destroy its freelance atmosphere, while wide spread encryption could help eliminate the need for government intervention. How Do We Interpret the Internet The current body of laws existing today in America does not apply well to the Internet. Is the Internet like a broadcasting medium, where the government monitors what is broadcast? Is it like a bookstore, where servers cannot be expected to review every title? Is it like a phone company that must ignore what it carries because of privacy? The trouble is that the Internet can be all or none of these things depending on how it is used. The Internet cannot be viewed as one type of transfer medium under the current broadcast definitions. The Internet differs from the broadcasting media in that one cannot just happen upon a vulgar site without first keying in a complicated address, or following a link from another source. "The Internet is much more like going into a book store and choosing to look at adult magazines" (Miller 75). Because our use of the Internet varies from person to person, its meaning may be interpreted in a number of different ways. Nudity on the Internet Jim Exon, a democratic senator from Nebraska, wants to pass a decency bill regulating sexual content on the Internet. If the bill is passed, certain commercial servers that post nude pictures, like those run by Penthouse or Playgirl, would of course be shut down immediately or risk prosecution. The same goes for any amateur web site that features nudity, sex talk, or sexually explicit words. Posting any sexual words in a Usenet discussion group, which occurs routinely, could cause a person to be liable for a $50,000 fine and six months in jail. Why does it suddenly become illegal to post something that has been legal for years in print? Exon's bill apparently would also "criminalize private mail," ... "I can call my brother on the phone and say anything--but if I say it on the Internet, it's illegal" (Levy 56). Internet

The Effects of School Culture and Climate

The Effects of School Culture and Climate Free Online Research Papers The school is a place where many people with different beliefs, attitudes come together to achieve certain goals. In order to be an effective leader in such an environment one must meet the needs of their employees but still allow them to successfully achieve their goals as individuals or as a group. The problems school districts face today is not all individuals or groups are willing to commit themselves to work to achieve the mission statement set for their school. However, factors that influence this type of behavior are ones beliefs and values. Such groups can be studied by leaders through theories to help gain knowledge on how to address certain issues. An effective leader is one who can control school culture and climate in today’s fast growing school system. The article researched was An Audit of the Culture Starts with Two Handy Tools, written by Christopher Wagner and Penelope Masden-Copas. The article can be found on The Center for Improving School Culture out of Bowling Green, Kentucky. The authors believe that a school without a healthy culture will hinder the faculty in a way that will not allow them to be open or receptive to professional learning opportunities. It is often thought that school improvement starts with the receptiveness of the individual teacher. A theory stated by Wagner and Masden-Copas (2002) â€Å"If people don’t improve, programs never will† (p.42). One way to achieve one’s improvement is through professional development meetings, which allow for the staff to collaborate on new ideas. Ultimately, Wagner and Masden-Copas (2002) state how a school culture will â€Å"only occur in a healthy school culture designed to promote higher levels of professional collaboration, collegiality, and self- determination† (p.43). In the article Wagner (2000) describes school culture as: Shared experiences both in school and out of school (traditions and celebrations) that create a sense of community, family, and team membership. People in any healthy organization must have agreement on how to do things and what is worth doing. Staff stability and common goals permeate the school. Time is set aside for school wide recognition of all school stakeholders. Common agreement on curricular and instructional components, as well as order and discipline, are established through consensus. Open and honest communication is encouraged and there is an abundance of humor and trust. Tangible support from leaders at the school and district levels is also present. (p. 43) In the article it’s clear on the issues that will cause for a school culture to be toxic. One issue that will clearly interfere with the development of a school culture is when teachers blame students for the lack of progress. As adults one must realize that attitude reflects leadership. If the students can see a lack of communication, and collaboration between the administration and faculty a toxic culture is all that will be created. A negative school culture and climate have also been linked to the increase dropout rate of students. An increase in school drop out means a decrease in state funding. It is important that the school district come together to identify the weak areas to decrease the number of students leaving school, due to feeling negative about the school environment. The main points of this research are to describe how school cultures and environments affect the behavior of teachers and students. School culture is the shared belief and attitude that characterizes the organization and establishes boundaries. The culture of a school integrates and implements its mission and vision. It is often thought that leadership guides behavior and respect. A school with a positive culture has relationships among everyone that gives a sense of caring to all learners and the community. Successful schools recruit and retain strong leaders, but sustainable culture survives beyond individual leaders because it exists in the heart and soul of the organization (Collins 2001; Fullan 2001; Hargreaves and Fink 2006). Gaining a deep understanding of what a strong, positive culture looks like and how it works can help educators become more thoughtful about developing one. Russell Hobby (2004) of Britain’s Hay Group suggests, â€Å"Viewed more positively, culture can also be the ultimate form of ‘capacity’ –a reservoir of energy and wisdom to sustain motivation and co-operation, shape relationships and aspirations, and guide effective choices at every level of the school†. At successful schools participants are empowered. In almost all successful schools the school leader encourages participation by parents, students, and teachers. The teachers and parents in many cases serve on advisory boards for the school and they are part of the decision- making process which also empowers them. They are then committed to the philosophy of learning and encouraged to always do their best. When teachers are actively involved in making change, the end result is improved morale and will to participate and follow the leader of the school. Building a strong culture does not happen in a short period of time, it could take months even a couple of years to get the positive culture into the school. According to Bryk and Schneider (2002), â€Å"relational trust is not something that can be achieved simply through some workshop, retreat, or form of sensitivity training, although all of these can be helpful. Rather, relational trust is forged in daily social exchanges. Trust grows over time through exchanges where the expectations held for others are validated in action† (p.136-137). â€Å"For relational trust to develop and be sustained,† say Byrk and Schneider (2002), both staff and students â€Å"must be able to make sense of their work together in terms of what they understand as the primary purpose of the school: Why are we really here† ( p.137)? Changes must begin with the superintendent of the district and the central administration, backed by the school board. Within each building, the principal plays a primary role, providing leadership, articulating goals and behavioral expectations of teachers, and supporting staff in developing an effective school (Gonder Hymes, 1994). The school leader must push for a positive culture within the school to create an environment in which learning can flourish among the staff and students. One of the scenarios presented in this week’s reading dealt with an assistant principal going against the school leader and convincing others to go along with her. The new leader failed to look at the culture already established within that school and therefore didn’t accomplish the project. He didn’t realize that the assistant had a negative attitude and able to influence others at any expense. Another scenario consisted of a veteran teacher questioning the competency of a first year teacher being able to perform a duty. The leader must have a positive culture instilled in the staff and allow them to voice their opinions and value their suggestions and not hurt anyone’s feelings. The leader must achieve better and equitable outcomes for everyone to work together and must create organizational culture. Of course, this will not be simple, easy, or quick. As Michael Fullan (2001) puts it, â€Å"Reculturing is a contact sport that involves hard, labor-intensive work. But it is a sport that must be played more aggressively if our schools are to achieve the kinds of results we now expect of them.† In conclusion, we as the leaders for tomorrow must remember that public schools should be an establishment built on caring for the needs of their staff as well as their students alike. Therefore school culture and climate includes everything that is done within the school. The key to creating a positive school culture is in the hands of the school leaders. Most importantly the way people treat and value one another, share ideas for teaching all come down to support and that is what is important in today’s schools. Trust between parents, students, community, and especially the members of the school district is the foundation for a healthy school culture that will strive to maximize students learning ability. References Bryk, A.S. Schneider, B. (2002). Trust in schools: A core resource for improvement. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. (p.136-137) Collins, J. (2001). Good to Great. New York: Harper Collins. Frieberg, H.J. (1998). Measuring school climate: Let me count the ways. Educational Leadership,56(1), 22-26. Fullan, W. (2001). Leading in a Culture of Change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Gonder, P. O., Hymes, D. (1994). Improving school climate and culture (AASA Critical Issues Report No. 27). Arlington, VA: American Association of School Administrators. Hargreaves, A., and D. Fink (2006). Sustainable Leadership. San Francisco: John Wiley Sons. Hobby, R. (2004, March). A culture for learning: An investigation into the values and beliefs associated with effective schools. London: Hay Group Management. (p.6). Phillips, G., Wagner, C. (2003). School culture assessment. Vancouver, BC: Mitchell Press, Agent 5 Design. Wagner, C. (2000). School culture analysis. Manitoba Association of Resources Teachers (MART), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Wagner, C., Masden-Copas, P. (2002). An audit of the culture starts with two handy tools. The Center for Improving School Culture, Bowling Green, Kentucky. 42-47 Research Papers on The Effects of School Culture and ClimateStandardized TestingTrailblazing by Eric AndersonHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeGenetic EngineeringBringing Democracy to AfricaDefinition of Export Quotas

Case study for waste management Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

For waste management - Case Study Example Waste was collected in pits in many areas of the world so that the people could remain hygienic and also reduce the rate of mortality among the population. (Bilitewski, Hardtle and Marek, 1997, p. 1) Medical waste is mainly produced in hospitals where it is mostly considered infectious but in most cases not all of it is. The medical wastes include cultures and stocks of infectious agents; pathological wastes and also sharp objects such as needles and scalpels as well as body parts. (Brunner, 1996, p. 6) The amount of Medical waste generated in the world is difficult to tell since for example the amount of this waste that is generated in the US is not even known and the figure cannot even be estimated. Different reports estimate different figures based on how they calculate it. Most medical waste goes into the incinerators which are mainly used for pathological and infectious waste but this is a problem because the emissions from these incinerators are not managed, (Dutta, 2002, p. 259) The waste that is generated in the hospitals will need to be reduced through pretreatment which will help lower the quantity at the time for disposal. They will also need to be separated depending on their source and type to ease the process of managing it after that. Due to the increased cost of incineration in the recent years, non-incineration methods will greatly cut the cost of this form of disposal if they are employed. This will also reduce the emissions that come from these incinerators. Methods that are cost effective like autoclaving, chemical disinfection and compaction can be used towards this cause. Since incineration is the primary method for treating medical waste and this is likely to remain so, pollution control equipment that is more advanced should be included to be a standard part of the incinerator design. Major limitations

VISIONARY LEADERSHIP, CROSS-CULTURAL LEADERSHIP, FACILITATING CHANGE Research Paper

VISIONARY LEADERSHIP, CROSS-CULTURAL LEADERSHIP, FACILITATING CHANGE - Research Paper Example The dimension of Power-distance addresses existing inequality level across the cross-cultural workforce. The inequality operational is acceptable within the power setting of the organization with regard to positions held in the work environment. In a low PD leadership system, power is well distributed as opposed to a high PD system where the management positions held are key in decision making in the organization. As such, closed-door meetings are done and communication is different in the different states that are created. Visionary leadership applies a hybrid system that allows acknowledgement of everybody’s role in decision-making. During crisis, a high PD system is preferable in making decisions while low PD useful where the decisions made affects policies. In addition, the dimension of Individualism-collectivism (IVD) that focuses on the strength of ties within the organizational community should be applied. An organization with high IDV displays characteristics of loose connection, little responsibility and a demand for high privacy. On the contrary, organizations with low IDV display qualities of respect, loyalty and strong cohesions within the work force in the organization. Visionary leadership lays down strategies that emphasize the benefits of working as a community with the aim of motivating labor force intrinsically and encouraging teamwork. Similarly, visionary leadership assesses the role of the dimension of Masculinity (MAS) in its environment. It refers to the ability of an organization to appreciate the traditional male and female roles in workforce. Organizations where the score of MAS is high expect men to be assertive and tough. In this setup, men occupy the managerial positions. In a leadership where the MAS score is lower, the roles played by men and women are related and are assigned in regards to professionalism and qualification. Visionary leaders embrace workforce based on qualification and professional

Response to Peer Comment Reasoning with Economics Essay

Response to Peer Comment Reasoning with Economics - Essay Example The U.S unemployment rate rose after the recession of 2008. The U.S. unemployment for February 2012 was 8.3% (Bls, 2012). The stock market is important because a lot of people depend on this investment alternative to build up retirement portfolios. Inflation hurts people because it decreases the purchasing power of money. I agree with you that rationality is a difficult form of information to correct. When an individual makes up his mind about something it is often difficult to reason with such a person. It is imperative for employees to keep the lines of communication open in order to ensure information that is incorrect is properly identified. When people have limited options they should properly assess the implications of each alternative. Problem solving requires not letting obstacles cloud your judgment. I also agree with your viewpoint about the importance of retrospection. People should always analyze the past in order to learn from their mistakes and make better

Cultural Adaptations to Heat Stress in Dry Environments

Cultural Adaptations to Heat Stress in Dry Environments Human beings have long inhabited hot environments, and have developed several physiological mechanisms in order to deal with heat stress. We are exposed to two kinds of heat stress, environmental and metabolic, on a regular basis. Heat can be gained from the environment through radiation, convection and conduction, as well as created during the course of metabolic activity, which is compounded by exertion. The heat gained from these sources must be balanced by convective heat loss to the environment and through the evaporative cooling mechanisms (Hanna and Brown). Failure of these cooling mechanisms can result in heatstroke, a serious condition which can cause severe damage to the central nervous system (Bouchama and Knochel 2002). Over reliance on evaporative cooling can lead to another debilitating condition, dehydration. Hot desert environments, such as those found in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, are a perfect storm of stresses on human heat tolerance. High ambient temp eratures maximize heat gain from the environment, while severely reducing our ability to lose both environmental and metabolic heat by convective means. This causes an increase reliance on evaporative cooling in order to deal with rising body temperature. Increased sweating, combined with the lack of readily available water in desert climates severely increases the risk of dehydration. Populations native to desert areas exposed to the dual stresses of heat and lack of water employ a variety of cultural adaptations in order to buffer their natural thermoregulatory processes. Primary amongst these adaptations is the creation of a favorable microclimate through the use of clothing and architecture. (Hanna and Brown). Human heat tolerance can be summed up through the equation; Mb + Ma + S = E + R + K + C In this equation Mb and Ma represent heat generated by the body through basal metabolic activity and physical activity respectively. S is representative of the amount of heat stored by the tissues of the body. The right side of the equation represents environmental heat, with E, R, K, and C standing for evaporation, radiation, convection and conduction, the primary methods by which heat is lost to, or gained from, the environment. Evaporative cooling takes place as water secreted by the endocrine glands onto the skins surface undergoes a phase change and draws heat away from the body. Radiative heat gain is based on the transference of wide span length electromagnetic waves. Factors such as an objects temperature, reflectance and surface area, as well as those of objects around it, affect the net heat flow through this mechanism. While there is a positive gain of radiant heat by the human body from the sun under all circumstances, environmental conditions can greatly affect the magni tude of this gain. Heat flow by conduction functions in a manner similar to diffusion, between materials in contact with one another and from high to low heat areas. Environmentally, conductive heat exchange can occur between the body and the ground, while with-in the body it is the mechanism by which heat is transferred from the core to the surface of the skin. Convective heat flow occurs between an object and a moving fluid. The movements of the fluid can carry heat away from the body; this is the reason why a cool breeze can be so refreshing on a warm day. When ambient temperatures are at or above body temperature, however, convective currents can significantly increase heat load, sometimes beyond the bodys ability to compensate through other means (Hanna and Brown). Heat stroke is caused by an elevation of body temperature, usually due to failure of cooling mechanisms caused by exposure to high external temperatures, and is the most severe form of heat illness. Exertion can accelerate the onset of heat stroke by increasing metabolic heat production in active muscles. Symptoms of heat stroke include confusion and irrational behavior, weak pulse, elevation of breathing rate and unconsciousness. Severe cases can cause brain damage and organ failure, leading to death. An early symptom of the onset of heat illness is profuse sweating, caused by the bodys attempts to return to homeostasis. Salt loss through this excess perspiration can lead to muscle cramps, while the increase in water loss itself further elevates risk of dehydration (Heat Emergencies). Dehydration is the result of an imbalance between fluid loss and intake. Illness is a common cause of this condition, especially in children and the elderly. Reliance on sweating as a cooling mechanism without adequately rehydrating is another frequent cause of this condition. In hot dry environments, where increased sweating is required in order to maintain body temperature, dehydration is particularly common. Cases of Dehydration can randge from mild to severe, depending on the percentage of overall body water lost. Mild dehydration is easily treatable, and has relatively few long term consequences. Severe dehydration, if not treated quickly can result in damage to the central nervous system or death. Symptoms of dehydration include low blood pressure due to reduced fluid volume, elevated heart rate, dry mouth, low urine production, and in severe cases, lethargy and coma. One sign of dehydration is a reduction in skin turgor. Reduced water levels in the tissues cause skin to lose its elasticity, causing it to slowly return to position after being pinched upwards (. Cultural adaptations can serve as a buffer between the environment and the body, allowing survival in environments where physiological responses would be inadequate for or impede survival. Remarkable examples of this are seen in the populations of Northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The populations native to these regions, such as the nomadic Bedouin and semi-nomadic Tuareg have developed specialized clothing and architecture that allow them to survive in some of the hottest, driest areas in the world, the Sahara and Arabian Deserts. The specialized material culture utilized by these groups facilitates the creation of a favorable microclimate around the body which allows them to maintain homeostasis without relying as strenuously on physiological mechanisms. A desert environment is defined by the KÃ ¶ppen-Geiger climate classification system as a region where the mean annual participation in mm is less than or equal to 5 Pth, which is defined by the following equation, In order to be designated as a hot desert, the region must also have a mean annual temperature greater than or equal to 18ÂÂ °C (Kottek et al). The Sahara Desert is the largest in the world, covering an area of 9,100,000 km2 across the breadth of North Africa. The central region of the desert receives less than 25 mm of rainfall annually, while regions on the eastern margin receiving as little as 5 mm annually. Rainfall is extremely sporadic when it does occur; a single storm sometimes accounts for multiple years worth of precipitation. The region is also amongst the hottest on earth, with temperatures exceeding 50ÂÂ ° C in the summer months. Diurnal variation in temperature can be considerable, the recorded maximum variation being 38ÂÂ ° C. Extreme winds are common in the Sahara, which when laden with dust make the environment even less hospitable. Underground aquifers occasionally break the surface and create oases amongst the otherwise barren landscape of stone plat eaus, salt flats and dunes (Berrahmouni and Burgess). The Arabian Desert is the dominant eco-region on the Arabian Peninsula, covering 1,851,300 Km2. Contained within the larger desert region is the vast Rubal-Khali, the Empty Quarter, which is the largest continuous area of sand in the world, stretching 500,000 km2. Salt flats and limestone cliffs are present in other regions of the desert. Average annual rainfall is less than 35mm, while temperatures average around 47ÂÂ ° C in summer. Temperatures drop significantly at night, sometimes reaching low enough for frost to form (Llewellyn-Smith). The Bedouin are a primarily nomadic pastoralist group located in the desert regions of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. Their subsistence is based around the raising of sheep, goats and camels, with limited dependence on seasonal agriculture in groups inhabiting regions with more predictable seasonal rains. The Bedouins traditional form of shelter is the bayt, a large rectangular tent constructed from sheeps wool. The roof is supported by a series of tall poles, while the walls of the tent are pinned onto the edge of the roof. The bottoms of the wall pieces are buried in the sand or pegged down, depending on the nature of the terrain. The interior is divided into sections, one for cooking and storage, the other for the entertaining of visitors. (Chatty) The tent is typically open along one of its long sides. This open wall, called the face of the tent or wej al bait, is on the leeward side. In the event of a sudden change in the wind, the back wall of then tent is unpinned and moved to what was formerly the face of the tent. In particularly hot weather parts of the side walls are unpinned to increase air flow throughout the tent. Carpets are sometimes employed to thicken the roof of the tent when the sun is stronger than usual (Dickson). When the wind is not particularly strong the side walls can be lowered entirely in order to maximize ventilation and cooling (Musil). The Bedouin traditionally dress in long, light garments that cover a majority of the bodys surface. For men, typical garments include a long tunic like shirt with wide sleeves that reaches to the ankles, loose trousers, a sleeveless cloak and a head cloth held in place by a woolen cord wound around the head. Womens clothing is similar, consisting of a long sleeved dress, black cotton over garment, loose trousers, cloak and various degrees of head covering, depending on the region the particular group hails from (Dickson). The Tuareg are a predominantly nomadic group inhabiting the nations of Mali, Algeria Niger and Libya. Different Tuareg groups practice widely different modes of subsistence, ranging from nomadic stock-breeding and trading to oasis gardening, although the latter is viewed with somewhat of a social stigma (Rasmussen). The Tuareg utilize a variety of both portable and non-portable dwellings, depending on their particular mode of subsistence. Nomadic Tuareg generally utilize a combination of mat and skin tents depending on regional conditions and availability of materials. Both of these tent forms follow the same basic layout, with the roof and sides suspended from a series of poles anchored in the substrate, while a wooden bed forms the floor of the structure. The particular arrangement of the poles varies significantly by region and preference, ranging from a small number of arches to a series of upright posts. The more sedentary groups amongst the Tuareg construct a variety of mud and mud coated stone houses, some of which are subterranean or semi-subteranean. These houses are typically rectangular, with small windows and flat roofs, although conical and domed forms are not uncommon in some regions of the Tuaregs territory. The most conspicuous aspects of traditional Tuareg clothing amongst both men and women are elaborate head coverings, taking the form of a veiled turban-like garment amongst men and a less elaborate head cloth for women. The mens veil, called a teguelmoust, is typically worn so that only a small space for the eyes is exposed. The amount of the face exposed varies considerably, however, depending on social circumstances. Mens garb consists of loose trousers and multiple sleeveless gandurah (a loose fitting cloak-like garment). Although sleeveless, the gandurah is loose enough that it typically extends below the hands. It is folded up over the forearms or shoulders when necessary to free the hands for manual labor. Womens costume includes either baggy trousers or a cotton skirt reaching to the knees, a gandurah similar to those worn by men but stitched higher on the sides, and a combination of shawl and headscarf made from the indigo dyed cotton popular amongst the Tuareg. This is often folded across the face for protection from the elements when riding or in the sun (Briggs). The primary benefit of clothing in a desert environment is its ability to minimize radiant heat gain by blocking solar radiation. Layers of clothing and air pockets caught between the layers insulate the body and prevent heat from being transferred to it. Baggy clothing allows for ventilation and air flow around the body, which encourage both convective and evaporative heat loss while still protecting the individual from environmental heat gain. Traditional populations in the regions of the Sahara and Arabian Deserts benefit from these concepts by dressing in layers of loose clothing that covers a majority of the body. A study performed by Henschel Hanson demonstrates the effectiveness of protective clothing in maintaining body temperature. This study demonstrated that acclimatized individuals wearing desert fatigues sweat 30% less than unclothed individuals when at rest, due to protection from radiant heat gain. Further benefit is seen in a lower core temperature and reduced heart rate relative to unclothed resting individuals. Clothing becomes less effective protection as metabolic heat production increases through exertion. The same study demonstrated that the benefits experienced by the individuals in desert fatigues were reduced by half (15% less than unclothed individuals) while engaged in physical labor (Hanna Brown). This reduction is due to an increased need to vent internally produced heat as compared to the benefit of preventing the uptake of environmental heat. The traditional clothing worn by the Bedouin and Tuareg is looser than typical fatigues, allowing for better circulating and larger pockets of insulating air, as well as providing superior protection to the head, neck and shoulders. This would likely increase the protective benefit gained by an individual at rest. The design of the clothing, allowing for more significant ventilation than desert fatigues, would likely allow an individual at work to still reap the maximum protective benefit w hile at the same time shedding metabolically generated heat. Another benefit of the head coverings worn by the Bedouin and Tuareg is their ability to protect the lungs and face from the desiccating effects of the hot dry winds. When pulled across the face, these veils can maintain a small pocket of air which is relatively humid compared to the environment, which greatly reduces the discomfort caused by exposure of the mucous membranes to the dry desert air (Briggs). Amos Rapoport describes in his book House Form and Culture several architectural traditions employed in hot dry climates that create favorable microclimates for human survival. Amongst these cultural adaptations are the use of stone and clay as building materials, small windows, use of courtyards, mutual shading and underground construction (Rapoport). Building materials such as stone or mud have a significant advantage in desert environments due to their high heat capacity. These materials function as a heat sink, absorbing radiant and convective heat during the day without significantly transferring heat to the shaded interior of the building. An added advantage to this style of architecture is its ability to hold onto heat gained over the course of the day, which can help deal with the low overnight temperatures common to deserts. A similar tactic is seen in underground construction. Dwellings constructed underground can take advantage of the tremendous heat capacity of the soil i tself to buffer interior temperatures from the outside environment. An example of this can be seen in the Matmata house found in parts of the Sahara. This structure takes the form of a series of subterranean rooms built around a central, pit-like courtyard. Upwards of 30 feet of earth shield the interior rooms from the heat of the sun, allowing the inhabitants to remain significantly cooler than they would be able to in an above ground structure (Rapoport). Surface Buildings in deserts are frequently constructed with few and small windows. This functions to reduce the amount radiant heat reaching the interior of the building directly. Placing windows high in the walls further serves this purpose. Permanent dwellings constructed by the Tuareg conform to these design standards; utilizing materials with a high heat capacity and minimizing opportunities for radiant and convective heat to enter the interior through windows or large doors (Nicholaison). The tents employed by the Bedouin cannot employ the techniques described above to the same degree, but instead function in a fashion similar to that of dessert clothing. Like the long robes worn by the Bedouin, the tent absorbs radiant heat, but prevents it from reaching the cooler microclimate within the tent. Attaching extra rugs to the roof of the tent in particularly hot weather furthers its ability to block and absorb radiant heat by increasing the amount of material able to take in heat and the distance that heat has to diffuse to reach the interior of the tent. The ability to adjust the walls of the tent in accordance with the need for ventilation and the strength of the wind also is a significant advantage. Ventilation can be adjusted in order to maximize air flow through the interior of the tent, and therefore cooling, while minimizing convective heating. Even with the back walls of the tent all the way up, enough air should penetrate through gaps in the panels to create a c urrent through the tent and out the front opening, removing hot air from the interior of the tent. The mat tents used by the Tuareg are thought to be vastly superior to the skin tents in the hot, dry season. They are better ventilated and, according to claims made by anthropologist Johannes Nicolaisen, the mat covering is not heated to any great extent by the sun (Nicolaisen, p. 375). Desert environments are extremely difficult conditions under which to live. They combine high ambient heat with a lack of water, pushing the human ability to maintain thermal homeostasis to its absolute limit. This taxing environment has encouraged the use of cultural adaptations to provide a buffer between the environment and the physiologic mechanisms necessary to keep cool. The primary areas in which these adaptations are applied are clothing and architecture. Loose, light clothing is utilized to block the absorption of radiant and convective heat from the environment, while at the same time creating an environment that maximizes convective and evaporative heat loss by creating a cycling zone of cool air next to the skin, allowing thermoregulation while only minimally engaging homeostatic mechanisms. Desert architecture utilizes high heat capacity materials and the earth itself as a heat sink to keep indoor temperatures at reasonable levels. The microclimate created through these cultural techniques provides a buffer zone that protects desert populations from the harmful effects of overtaxing their bodies cooling mechanisms and allows them to survive under some of the harshest conditions on earth.

The Future for Chicago Public Housing :: Sociology

The Future for Chicago Public Housing In big cities across America, the consensus is public housing doesn't work. And in Chicago, it's coming down. Chicago began using federal housing dollars to blow up or knock down high-rise public housing in 1993. The plan shifted into high gear when the city signed a $1.5 billion deal with the US Department of Housing and Urban Development. Under the plan for transformation, Chicago will destroy more public housing than any city in the country. There are families being pushed out of their homes, out of the city and the communities that they want to stay in. (Haney), Suzanne. "Street Wise" This is major impact on the city, from this comes segregation and the economy fails. Mayor Richard Daley and his administration promised people in Chicago affordable housing and now Daley has gone back on his word. Where has all that money gone that Mayor Daley has promised to millions of people who continue to struggle everyday? If you take a look around in Chicago there are more condos arising than housing for those really in need of the help. Mayor Daley and be Administration decided to take from people who are making over $75, 000 a year. They think by taking 30% of their money they will be able to help restore peoples housing to make it affordable. Why cant the government pay money to help people find an affordable house? Because affordability has become a national problem, causing housing prices to have gone up faster then people in Chicago can make money or can afford the cost of living. Hanney, Suzanne. ?Street Wise? November 17 2000 Secretary Martinez has put forth the effort. He awarded the largest amount of homeless assistants in the nations history more than $1.1 billion to fund thousands of local housing and service programs. in every state in the nation, This is part of the Bush administration focus on the resources on permanent housing and services. 95% of the residents are under Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) are on some kind of public assistance versus New York which only need 25% of public assistance. Chicago uses up this 95% of public assistance towards putting up expensive condos that range from $75,000-$100,000. They do this to try to compare up to New York's standards. Chicago?s Public Housing Projects, source The Economist, July 11, 1998. Mayor Daley goes on to say working together, all Chicagoans. We can make every window that looks out of the Chicago housing Authority (CHA) a window of opportunity. But that the key word here is opportunity, Mayor Daley has not giving any body under cha the opportunity for any thing. Mayor Daley takes these people homes from them and put up condo.

Example of Mathematics Lesson Plan for Bearing Topic

LESSON PLAN Date: 23 October 2012 (Tuesday) Time: 2. 30p. m until 3. 30 p. m. Class: 5 Science 1 Number of Pupils: 29 Subject: Mathematics Topic: Bearings Learning Area: Bearings Previous Knowledge: The students have learnt the four main compass directions in Geography Subject. Thinking Skills: Identifying, Calculating and Drawing. Teaching-learning Resources: Manila Card. Learning ObjectivesPupils will be taught to†¦ | Teaching and Learning Activities| Learning OutcomesPupils will be able to †¦ Remarks| 1 Understand the concept of bearing. | Introduce the eight main compass directions. | Draw and label the eight main compass directions: a) north, south, east, west, b) north-east, north-west, south-east, south west. | Vocabulary north-eastsouth-eastnorth-westsouth-westcompass anglebearing| 2 Use the concept of bearing. | 1 Show and calculate the compass angle of any direction. Examples :State the bearing of point P. Answer : 48? Answer : 180? + 60? 240? Answer : 180? â€⠀œ 40? = 140? Answer : 270? + 20? = 290? Answer : The bearing of  A  from  B  is 065?. The bearing of  B  from  A  is 245?. 2 Discuss the use of bearing in real life situations. For example, in map reading and navigation. Example : In Diagram 8, P, Q and R are three points on a horizontal plane. R lies to the east of P. The bearing of Q from P is 072?. The bearing of R from Q is A 162? B 198? C 288? D 342? | 1 State the compass angle of any compass direction. Draw a diagram which shows the direction of B to A given the bearing of B from A. 3 State the bearing of point A from point B based on the given information. 4 Solve problems involving bearings. | Point to noteCompass angle and bearing are written in three-digit form, from 000? to 360?. They are measured in a clockwise direction from north. Due north is considered as bearing 000?. For cases involvingdegrees and minutes, state in degrees up to one decimal place. |

Womens Right to Vote

Womens Right to Vote Free Online Research Papers Womens Right to Vote Helen, honey, Im finally home! said my husband, John. Greeting him with a smile on my face, I thought to myself I was home all day. After kissing me on the cheek, he said Wow that smells great! Whats for dinner? I pointed at the wooden table in the kitchen to the hot plate of beef stroganoff, his favorite. We set down and as he was telling me about his busy day at the Central Railroad, I nodded and grinned but my mind was somewhere else. John stopped for a minute to chew his food when I said, The presidential election is coming up, whom are you voting for? He gulped down his food and looked at me as if it was none of my business and said William McKinley of course! Why do you care? I replied Because Im an American citizen just like you and women deserve the same rights as men, that is first and foremost the right to vote! I said. Seeing how aggravated I was he slowly put his hand on mine and quietly said Honey, I just think it would be the best for you to be comfortable at home and not have to worry about any of this. Your place is at home. I shook my head, looked him straight in his green eyes and started tearing up. He had no idea how much this meant to me. I have to obey the laws, yet I dont have a voice in making them? Its an important factor in life that I dont have a part in just because of my sex? I can be a wife, mother, or sister but I dont deserve this role in our society? It was in this very moment something changed in my husband. I honestly think that the thought of women voting had never crossed his mind. It was as though he had simply accepted things as they were, without giving it a second thought. Though he was a very firm man, he cared for me very much and seeing me this distraught moved him. As we set silently my hair fell down my fists and my tears dropped down and all of a sudden I felt a warm hug from my husband. Hugging me he said â€Å"I’m sorry for being so blinded all this time, I know you’re right, we are in this together.† Research Papers on Women's Right to VoteThe Spring and Autumn19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtThe Fifth HorsemanTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

THE LIFE AND WORKS OF CHARLES DICKENS essays

THE LIFE AND WORKS OF CHARLES DICKENS essays According to Edgar Johnson, in the novels of British writer Charles Dickens (1817-1870) "there is evidence that his troubled childhood left its mark upon the man and his works. The sense of power and the self-assertion, combined with an inadequacy for self-criticism, were perhaps compensations for the frustrations of his early years" (26). Generally considered as one of the greatest writers of the Victorian era, Charles Dickens' novels "are characterized by attacks on social evils, injustice and hypocrisy" (Books and Writers, Internet) which may be a reflection of his lower middle-class upbringing. In addition, Dickens is "probably the best known and most popular of British 19th century novelists," due to not only "the quality of his writing. . . but also to the widespread adaptation of his work for the stage and screen" (Catharton Authors, Internet). Though born on the South coast of England, Dickens was quite young when his parents brought him to live on the outskirts of London. His father was an ineffectual person with much debt that landed him in prison; his mother Elizabeth taught him to read early in life and some of the popular novels which he read were Tom Jones, The Vicar of Wakefield, Don Quixote and Gil Blas, some of which inspired him to write his first tale "Misnar" that was loosely based on the "Tales of the Genii" (Golden Books, Internet). At nine years of age, Dickens was apprenticed in a warehouse which was a very humiliating experience for such a sensitive, intelligent boy. After two years, better family fortunes enabled him to continue his schooling, but his real education came from his readings and wanderings in London along the Thames River. In 1827, Dickens was placed to a solicitor (a lawyer) and mastered shorthand and attended various sessions of the English court. He later became a re...

Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Review - Article Example The major functions generally involve searching of the relevant literature for establishing the contact with the discipline for writing the relevant literature. At the time of searching of the literature, practitioners are faced with various challenges. In this regard, the practitioners search for the journals which are not accessible for everyone. Some journals are only accessible for key users, which are recognized as one of the big issues for the practitioners. The second problem relates to the accessing of the journals during the research. There are few prominent solutions, to this issue, such as many sites are provided for accessing the articles without any subscription charges and the research scholars are suggested to figure out a list of the relevant journals for the research purpose (Carr &Briggs, n.d.). The study is based upon the indirect behavioral observation. Thus, the study is qualitative in nature. Correspondingly, the research design has been established. The study can be referred to base on indirect observation as it involves reviewing the articles of others. The research design will be rated three as per the SMRS application (The National Autism Center, 2009). The measurement of the dependent variable is related to the availability of the subject related literature articles. The practitioners are engaged in exploring articles of others. Hence, they are dependent upon the availability of such accessible articles. The indirect observation also explains that the problems related to the unavailability of the accurate articles are the dependent variable of the research. On the basis of the given information, the writer will rate four by using the SMRS (The National Autism Center, 2009). The independent variable of the study is the subject of the research paper. On the basis of the indirect observation, it can be determined that approximately 80% of the literature review to be

Islam, Judaism And Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Islam, Judaism And Christianity - Essay Example Judaism not only can but does stand on its own. Judaism’s core beliefs in the Old Testaments are shared with Christianity. The two religions even believe in a messiah. The difference is Judaism rejects Jesus of Nazareth as that messiah, whereas Jesus is the long awaited savior in the Christian religion. The question becomes does one believe Jesus is the long awaited messiah? Christians believe so, normally without doubt. Judaism rejects that belief. Christianity has changed the world in the past two hundred years. America and most countries in the West have Christian leaders. This has influenced historical events. Cold War propaganda touted communist wanted to take over the world and get rid of religion all together. The evolution of anti-war movements and negotiations can be taken from Jesus’ teachings of peace. Instead of the Old Testament’s ‘eye for an eye’ like Judaism calls for, the death penalty has been rescinded in many countries and in parts of the United States. Finally, with the decadence of the past two hundred years, a messiah that forgives everything is quite appealing. It is more popular than Judaism’s demand that Biblical law be obeyed. Other events have been interpreted through Christian views in the past two hundred years. One example is the Holocaust.